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Termites going through incomplete metamorphosis on the road to becoming alates form a subcaste in certain species of termite, functioning as potential supplementary reproductives. These supplementary reproductives only mature into primary reproductives upon the death of a king or queen, or when the primary reproductives are separated from the colony.6676 Supplementaries have the capacity to replace a dead principal reproductivesystem, and there may also be greater than a single supplementary within a colony.53 Some queens have the capacity to switch from sexual reproduction to asexual reproduction.
The neotropical termite Embiratermes neotenicus and several other related species produce colonies that contain a primary king accompanied by a primary queen or by up to 200 neotenic queens that had originated via thelytokous parthenogenesis of a founding primary queen.79 The kind of parthenogenesis likely employed maintains heterozygosity in the passing of their genome from mom to daughter, thus avoiding inbreeding depression. .
Termites are detritivores, consuming dead plants at any level of decomposition. They also play a very important role in the ecosystem by recycling waste material such as dead timber, faeces and plants.8182 Many species eat cellulose, having a specialised midgut that breaks down the fiber.83 Termites are considered to be a significant source (11%) of atmospheric methane, one of the prime greenhouse gases, produced from the breakdown of cellulose.84 Termites rely primarily upon symbiotic protozoa (metamonads) and other microbes such as flagellate protists in their bowels to digest the cellulose to them, allowing them to absorb the end products for their own use.8586 Gut protozoa, such as Trichonympha, in turn, rely on symbiotic bacteria embedded on their own decks to create a number of the necessary intestinal enzymes.
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The flagellates have been dropped in Termitidae.878889 Scientists' understanding of the relationship between the termite gastrointestinal tract and the microbial endosymbionts remains rudimentary; what is true in most termite species, however, is that the employees feed the other members of their colony with substances derived from the digestion of plant material, either from the mouth or anus.54 Judging from closely related bacterial species, it is strongly presumed that the termites' and cockroach's gut microbiota derives from their dictyopteran ancestors.90.
Certain species such as Gnathamitermes tubiformans have seasonal food habits. For example, they may preferentially consume Red three-awn (Aristida longiseta) during the summertime, Buffalograss (Buchloe dactyloides) from May to August, and blue grama Bouteloua gracilis during spring, summer and autumn. Colonies of G. tubiformans consume less food in spring than they do during autumn when their feeding activity is high.91.
Numerous forests differ in their susceptibility to termite attack; the differences are attributed to such factors as moisture content, hardness, and resin and lignin content. In one study, the drywood termite Cryptotermes brevis strongly preferred poplar and walnut forests to other forests that were generally rejected from the termite colony.
Some species of termite practice fungiculture. They maintain that a"garden" of specialised fungi of genus Termitomyces, which are nourished by the excrement of these insects. When the fungi are eaten, their spores pass undamaged through the intestines of the termites to finish the cycle by germinating in the fresh faecal pellets.9394 Molecular evidence suggests that the family Macrotermitinae developed agriculture about 31 million years ago.
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Originally living in the rainforest, fungus farming allowed them to colonise the African savannah and other new environments, eventually expanding into Asia.95.
Depending on their feeding habits, termites are placed into two groups: the lower termites and higher termites. The lower termites predominately feed on timber. As wood isn't easy to digest, termites want to consume fungus-infected timber since it's a lot easier to digest and the fungi are high in protein. Meanwhile, the higher termites consume a vast array of materials, including faeces, humus, bud, leaves and roots.96 The intestine in the lower weeds contains many species of bacteria along with protozoa, whereas the higher termites only have a few species of bacteria with no protozoa.97.
